Contraindications for hirudotherapy

The list of commonly established contraindications for hirudotherapy (P. Flecken, A. Michalsen):

• Haemophilia and anticoagulants (acenocoumarol, marcumar, warfarin, heparin and heparinoids)
• Anemia
• Upper gastrointestinal tract post – haemorrhage condition
• Severe infection
• Severe internal diseases and immunosuppression
• Severe allergy
• Pregnancy
• Wound healing compplications
• Children and unconscious patients
• Mental impairment
• Keloids
• Bleeding disorder
• Deep vein thrombosis
• Diabetic foot and tissue necrosis
• Dermatomycoses
• Skin malignancies
• Skin tissue loss. ulceration, decubitus
• Autoimmunological pemphigus